{"id":2317,"date":"2024-05-22T01:00:14","date_gmt":"2024-05-22T00:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/?p=2317"},"modified":"2024-06-07T04:42:46","modified_gmt":"2024-06-07T03:42:46","slug":"analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc\/","title":{"rendered":"Analyzing the Cost of Office Space in Washington DC"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2315\" src=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-washington-monument-cherry-blossoms-offices.net_.jpg\" alt=\"A daytime view over the water of Potomac River's tidal basin towards the Washington Monument obelisk in the distance. Pink cherry blossoms in full bloom line the basin. Image at Offices.net.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-washington-monument-cherry-blossoms-offices.net_.jpg 640w, https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-washington-monument-cherry-blossoms-offices.net_-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington DC is one of the largest US office space markets by square footage, which means local businesses are never short of options when it comes to finding a suitable office unit in the nation\u2019s capital. For anyone interested in setting up an office or relocating to the city, we have created an overview of the costs involved in doing so.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">Contents<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#The_business_environment_in_Washington_DC\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">1<\/span> The business environment in Washington DC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Office_space_market_trends_in_Washington_DC\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">2<\/span> Office space market trends in Washington DC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Prime_office_locations_costs_in_Washington_DC\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">3<\/span> Prime office locations &amp; costs in Washington DC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Office_costs_by_building_class\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">4<\/span> Office costs by building class<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Suburban_offices\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">5<\/span> Suburban offices<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Concessions\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">6<\/span> Concessions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Other_costs\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">7<\/span> Other costs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Cost-effective_alternatives\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">8<\/span> Cost-effective alternatives<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#Conclusion\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">9<\/span> Conclusion<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#Further_Insights\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">9.1<\/span> Further Insights<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"The_business_environment_in_Washington_DC\"><b>The business environment in Washington DC<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington DC has a<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wdcep.com\/why-dc\/\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thriving business ecosystem<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> boasting excellent tech infrastructure, unparalleled access by road, sea, railway, and air, with three major airports, and office space options that can accommodate anything from large headquarters to micro-enterprises.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, local companies enjoy access to a highly educated workforce, the presence of influential industry players in various industries, and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/wdcep.com\/why-dc\/business-incentives\/\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">several incentives<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to lessen the financial impact of running a business in the city.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Office_space_market_trends_in_Washington_DC\"><b>Office space market trends in Washington DC<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington DC is one of the largest and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wealthmanagement.com\/office\/nine-most-resilient-us-office-markets\/gallery?slide=5\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">most resilient office markets<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the United States, although recent changes in office use have had repercussions on the costs of leasing office space.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, a reduction in office footprints in favor of units with better-quality amenities has released into the market a high volume of large,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.commercialrealestate.loans\/blog\/how-office-use-is-changing-in-dc\/\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">less amenitized offices at more affordable rates.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sustained demand for short-term office space and flexible arrangements are behind the city\u2019s competitive flexible office market, even after some major operators reduced the number of locations. More competition between providers means a wider range of prices, leading to a notable divide in costs between conventional, private offices and shared office space. In Washington DC, the latter can be more than<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/technical.ly\/company-culture\/dcs-coworking-options-proved-to-be-cheaper-than-office-space\/\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50% cheaper than conventional office space.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2314\" src=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-empty-street-central-dc-offices.net_.jpg\" alt=\"A view down an empty main street of Washington DC. The street is lined by trees, a few cars, many American flags, and white stone buildings, many with columns. Image at Offices.net.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-empty-street-central-dc-offices.net_.jpg 640w, https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-empty-street-central-dc-offices.net_-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Prime_office_locations_costs_in_Washington_DC\"><b>Prime office locations &amp; costs in Washington DC<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cw-gbl-gws-prod.azureedge.net\/-\/media\/cw\/marketbeat-pdfs\/2023\/q4\/us-reports\/office\/washington-dc_americas_marketbeat_office_q42023_v2.pdf?rev=b527cd29316f46a99883a1c2130682bc\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">most desirable office locations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the city are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Downtown DC or the CBD, has more than 200 office buildings and average asking rates of $55 per square foot and $63 per square foot for<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/quick-glossary-of-commercial-real-estate-terms\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Class A<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> space.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/dc\/capitol-hill\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capitol Hill<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which has higher demand due to its proximity to government offices, historical landmarks, and major roads, without incurring significantly higher asking rates than the CBD. Average rental rates are under $55 \/ sq ft, even for Class A offices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Capitol Riverfront \/ Navy Yard, home to many mixed-use developments and an abundance of relatively new office buildings, with average asking rates around $60 \/ sq ft.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.avisonyoung.us\/documents\/860202\/195856591\/DC%20Q4%202023%20Office%20Report%20FIN.pdf\/e7fe79de-e7ff-e86e-f0c5-3b5ec8a1374e?t=1704211831656&amp;_gl=1*3mxade*_up*MQ..*_ga*MjAxOTAxNjM5MC4xNzA5Nzk1MjIz*_ga_NB1T86YXFD*MTcwOTc5NTIyMi4xLjEuMTcwOTc5NTY1Ni4wLjAuMA\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other locations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that appeal to office-based businesses include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; East End, the largest sub-market by square footage. This area comprises the historical center, with older offices around Penn Quarter and better-equipped options between Judiciary Square, Union Station, and Capitol Hill. Average rates for all classes are $56 \/ sq ft and $64 \/ sq ft for Class A.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Georgetown \/ West End, including the Dupont Circle area, a Business Improvement District offering proximity to downtown and mid-range asking rates of $50 \/ sq ft for all classes and $57 \/ sq ft for Class A.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Uptown, a smaller sub-market in terms of office space, although covering a large area northwest of the city center, is home to some of the most affordable office spaces in the metro area at $45 \/ sq ft for all classes and $49 \/ sq ft for Class A.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Other affordable options with base asking rent along the same lines as Uptown are SE Washington and up and coming neighborhood, NoMa, which is named so because it is north of Massachusetts Avenue.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Office_costs_by_building_class\"><b>Office costs by building class<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mktgdocs.cbre.com\/2299\/11c24e0a-f95e-4dbe-9b45-98177dae7984-1328899217.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">all-class average<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Washington DC metro area for office space is under $60 \/ sq ft.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trophy space comes at $85 \/ sq ft and above.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Class A office space in Washington DC commands average rates of $60 \/ sq ft. But those with the best location and amenities can fetch more than $70 \/ sq ft to rent office space.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Class B and Class C office space average rates are short of $50 \/ sq ft.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.avisonyoung.us\/documents\/860202\/195856591\/DC%20Q4%202023%20Office%20Report%20FIN.pdf\/e7fe79de-e7ff-e86e-f0c5-3b5ec8a1374e?t=1704211831656&amp;_gl=1*3mxade*_up*MQ..*_ga*MjAxOTAxNjM5MC4xNzA5Nzk1MjIz*_ga_NB1T86YXFD*MTcwOTc5NTIyMi4xLjEuMTcwOTc5NTY1Ni4wLjAuMA\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asking rates are generally stable<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with minimal rent increases over the years, except for trophy space, whose prices climbed sharply after mid 2022, reaching records of more than $95 \/ sq ft.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2316\" src=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-daytime-skyline-offices.net_.jpg\" alt=\"A view across the Washington DC skyline at daytime. The Washington Monument rises in the distance above many-hued buildings towards a blue sky streaked with white clouds. Image at Offices.net.\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-daytime-skyline-offices.net_.jpg 640w, https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-daytime-skyline-offices.net_-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Suburban_offices\"><b>Suburban offices<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Office space in Maryland is a popular alternative given the easy commute to and from Washington DC and the significantly lower costs. In some cases, for example Class A offices, per square foot costs can be 50% lower than in the most central DC locations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the most in-demand sub-markets (those closest to Washington), such as Capital Heights and Bethesda, asking rates are in the low to mid $30s. Comparatively low rates and high availability make this suburban area a<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tenant-favorable market<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where it\u2019s possible to negotiate rates ever further.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Concessions\"><b>Concessions<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For several years, concessions in DC have been<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bisnow.com\/washington-dc\/news\/office\/dc-office-tenants-receive-the-highest-concessions-in-the-us-driving-many-firms-to-relocate-88820\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">some of the highest in the US<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, benefiting tenants able to commit to long-term leases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outside of best-in-class assets, landlords are pressured to secure long-term leases for their office space, so<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.colliers.com\/en\/research\/washington-dc\/washington-dc-office-report-q3-2023\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">incentives in the form of concessions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are part of the lease package. The most generous offers can be up to<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.avisonyoung.us\/documents\/860202\/195856591\/DC%20Q4%202023%20Office%20Report%20FIN.pdf\/e7fe79de-e7ff-e86e-f0c5-3b5ec8a1374e?t=1704211831656&amp;_gl=1*3mxade*_up*MQ..*_ga*MjAxOTAxNjM5MC4xNzA5Nzk1MjIz*_ga_NB1T86YXFD*MTcwOTc5NTIyMi4xLjEuMTcwOTc5NTY1Ni4wLjAuMA\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 years\u2019 free rent and tenant improvement allowances<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of $160-$170 \/ sq ft.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Other_costs\"><b>Other costs<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beyond square footage rates, tenants must consider additional costs, mainly operating expenses. In this respect, Washington DC is<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bomadet.org\/resources\/Documents\/BOMA%202020%20Office%20Market%20Study%20(2).pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">among the most expensive markets in the US<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with OpEx of nearly $15 \/ sq ft.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Cost-effective_alternatives\"><b>Cost-effective alternatives<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/coworking\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coworking<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Washington DC is substantially more cost-effective than conventional office space leases, at least for small teams. Average monthly membership fees in Washington DC are $200 for hot desking solutions, and $300 to $400 for dedicated desk space.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2313\" src=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-dusk-capitol-building-offices.net_.jpg\" alt=\"A dusk street-level view down a bustling street towards the U.S. Capitol Building, framed by a pastel orange sky. The street is busy with cars on both sides, and many cyclists ride down the middle in a cycling lane. Image at Offices.net.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-dusk-capitol-building-offices.net_.jpg 640w, https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/analyzing-the-cost-of-office-space-in-washington-dc-dusk-capitol-building-offices.net_-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Conclusion\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington DC boasts a diverse range of office spaces catering to various needs and preferences, from prime locations in Capitol Hill and Navy Yard to out-of-town districts and shared office space options offering more affordable alternatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You can explore the range of<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/dc\/washington\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">office accommodation options in Washington DC here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Further_Insights\"><b><i>Further Insights<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do you want to learn more about office space costs in other major U.S. markets? Or are you looking to learn about trends in commercial real estate in the United States? You can view more of our most recent stories below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/commercial-real-estate-depreciation-how-does-it-work\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commercial Real Estate Depreciation \u2013 How Does It Work?<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/nyc-office-space-rental-cost-analysis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NYC Office Space Rental: A Cost Analysis<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/sanfran-vs-la-office-costs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost of Office Space in San Francisco vs LA Office Rental Prices<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/mixed-use-property-what-you-need-to-know\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mixed-Use Commercial Property: What You Need to Know<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/benefits-of-in-person-meetings\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8 Benefits of In-Person Meetings: Meeting in Person vs Online<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/remote-work-and-different-generations\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remote Work Statistics: How Different Generations Feel About Working Remotely<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/millennial-gen-z-csr-sustainability\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A New Corporate Vision: How Millennials and Gen Z are Championing CSR and Sustainability<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/rentable-and-usable-square-footage\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understanding Rentable vs Usable Square Footage (and Common Areas)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/what-is-a-walk-score\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is a Walking Score? Walk Score Meaning &amp; Benefits of Walking to Work<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/future-office-building-facilities\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Office Amenities of the Future: Office Building Facilities &amp; Amenities to Look Out For<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Washington DC is one of the largest US office space markets by square footage, which means local businesses are never short of options when it comes to finding a suitable office unit in the nation\u2019s capital. For anyone interested in setting up an office or relocating to the city, we have created an overview of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,376,356,152,570,9],"tags":[387,49,89,350,50,6,487],"class_list":["post-2317","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-business-advice","category-business-districts","category-cre","category-dc-2","category-office-planning","category-office-talk","tag-business-advice","tag-commercial-real-estate","tag-dc","tag-office-market-trends","tag-office-rental","tag-office-tips","tag-statistics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2317","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2317"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2343,"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2317\/revisions\/2343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2317"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offices.net\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}